After some Googling, it looks like typically what happens for manned booths is they give you a form to fill out and send in with the toll and if you don't pay within X amount of days, you're fined. For unmanned ones I guess if you don't contact them first they contact you through the mail (after auto-photographing your car/license plate which then gives them your address) and tell you to pay a fee, which will probably be a fine + the toll but you can probably "fight" the fine, although depending on the state who knows how lenient they are.
In Illinios, people who frequent the tollways get a transponder that either is mounted inside the front window, or the newer ones are incorporated into the front license plate holder. You have an account you fill with $40 at a time. As you pass thru a toll plaza, the appropriate amount is deducted from your account. No stopping, no slowing down, breeze right thru.
Most plaza's have one or two unmanned basket lanes for the folks who do not use the tollways often and just pay as they go. The first , last and midpoint plaza's have a number of cashiers lanes for people without exact change. At any point if you can not pay a toll, (no money, no correct change, to tollbooth blew away, whatever...) you have one week to play the toll online at the ITA website.
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Most plaza's have one or two unmanned basket lanes for the folks who do not use the tollways often and just pay as they go. The first , last and midpoint plaza's have a number of cashiers lanes for people without exact change. At any point if you can not pay a toll, (no money, no correct change, to tollbooth blew away, whatever...) you have one week to play the toll online at the ITA website.